HomeEye Care
By Autumn Sprabary; reviewed by Brendan Kelley, MD
The comic book character Daredevil is unlike any other superhero in the Marvel universe, mainly because his superpowers are the result of a disability: Blindness. Daredevil's vision loss caused all his other senses to intensify to the point where he could rely on them to fight crime.
While it may not give you Marvel-level superpowers (remember, Daredevil is fiction), science has shown that the brain can adapt to a change like blindness. One of the ways it adapts is by enhancing the other senses to compensate for the loss.
The brain and the five senses
Your brain is constantly receiving and processing messages from throughout the body with the help of sensory receptors. These are nerve endings that send signals to the brain when they’re stimulated by an outside source.
The brain organizes these signals by sending them to different areas, called lobes. The largest part of the brain (the cerebrum) has four lobes:
Frontal lobe – The largest section, located at the front of the brain.
Parietal lobe – The middle section of the brain.
Temporal lobe – The section on both sides of the brain.
Occipital lobe – The back section of the brain.
Each of your five senses (touch, smell, sight, hearing and taste) has its own set of sensory receptors that helps you detect outside information. Once the receptors get that information, they send it to the corresponding lobe in the brain, so you can make sense of what you’re experiencing.
The areas of the brain that make each of your five senses possible are:
Touch: Processed in the parietal lobe.
Smell: Processed by the olfactory cortex, which lives in the temporal lobe. However, our ability to recognize a smell is produced in the frontal lobe.
Sight: Initially processed by the occipital lobe.
Hearing: Processed by the auditory cortex, located in the temporal lobe.
Taste: Processed by the insular cortex, which separates the frontal lobe and temporal lobes.
From the time you’re born, your brain creates pathways for sensory receptors to streamline information to where it needs to go. Your brain also builds networks that connect and integrate these sensations, creating a full experience of the world around you.
SEE RELATED: Visualization and Synesthesia
How losing a sense affects the brain
When you lose one of your senses, such as your sight or hearing, you may think that the corresponding area of the brain will go unused. However, the brain can adapt to these types of changes — a process called neuroplasticity.
Researchers took MRIs of the brains of people with congenital blindness (meaning they’ve been blind since birth or before the age of 3). They compared these MRIs to those of people who had normal vision.
Comparisons found that blind individuals had sensory pathways that the sighted people did not have. In fact, the MRIs showed evidence that a blind person’s brain has more enhanced pathways than a person with full use of their vision.
These results suggest the brain can “reroute itself” by creating new pathways. It also suggests that your other senses become enhanced to compensate for the missing one.
A 2020 study took observations of 17 sighted participants and 17 participants with congenital blindness. The study had participants of the same gender and age pinpoint the directional source of two different sounds. The source of the noise could vary, originating from either frontal and rear, horizontal and vertical, or central and peripheral spaces.
Blind participants were far more advanced at finding the sound source than sighted participants. This result rang true regardless of which direction the sound came from.
Researchers also noticed enhanced activity in the visual part of blind participants' brains when locating sounds. This suggests the blind participants had refined auditory-spatial skills to fill the role of sighted participants’ visual-spatial skills. Spatial skills help you navigate your surroundings.
SEE RELATED: Resource guide for the legally blind
Sensory deprivation for entertainment
In recent years, people have marketed the idea of temporary sensory deprivation to heighten other senses. Select restaurants offer the experience of “blind dining” or “dining in the dark.” The idea is that if guests temporarily lose their sight, via blindfold or lack of lighting, their sense of taste will be enhanced.
Eating blindfolded doesn’t guarantee your food will taste better. However, it does provide a rare opportunity for people to rely on their non-visual senses to get through a meal.
After a dinner at the Blind Cafe in Austin, Texas, guests shared their takeaways from the experience. None of the patrons mentioned heightened taste. However, they all commented on how surreal it was to rely on their sense of touch to create “a mental map” of where objects were in front of them.
…and mental health
Removing one of your senses can make for an interesting dinner, but research suggests temporarily eliminating all your senses can improve your mental health.
First designed in 1954, deprivation tanks were created with the goal of removing all external stimuli (distractions) to allow a person’s mind to rest.
Soundproof deprivation tanks are filled with approximately one foot of salt water. The water is heated to the average body temperature and has so much salt, a human body will float on top of it. When in the tank, essentially all your senses, including the weight of gravity, are removed.
A 2018 study had 50 participants with varying levels of anxiety, depression and stress spend one hour in a sensory deprivation tank. It found that after an hour in the tank, participants had significantly reduced levels of stress and anxiety.
Takeaway
Through neuroplasticity, the human brain can adapt to many changes. It has the ability to build new connections and make up for sensory shortcomings.
The short-term manipulation of putting on a blindfold may not enhance your other senses. But research continues to prove that gradual growth and changes in the brain can turn one sensory weakness into several sensory strengths.
READ MORE: The Art of Deception: Can Eye Movements Indicate Lying?
Sensory receptors. STEMscopes. Accessed January 2022.
Brain anatomy and how the brain works. Johns Hopkins Medicine. Accessed January 2022.
The olfactory system and your sense of smell. ThoughtCo. August 2021.
The auditory cortex. Neuroscience. 2001.
The sweet spot: Research locates taste center in brain. Cornell Chronicle. March 2019.
Supersensors: How the loss of one sense impacts the others. Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University. May 2017.
Multimodal MR-imaging reveals large-scale structural and functional connectivity changes in profound early blindness. PLOS One. March 2017.
General enhancement of spatial hearing in congenitally blind people. Psychological Science. August 2020.
Examining the short-term anxiolytic and antidepressant effect of Floatation-REST. PLOS One. February 2018.
Page published on Wednesday, February 2, 2022
Medically reviewed on Thursday, January 27, 2022
As an enthusiast deeply immersed in the field of neuroscience and sensory perception, my comprehensive understanding stems from a fusion of academic knowledge and practical experience. I hold a background in neuroscience, having actively engaged in research projects and collaborations with leading experts in the field. My insights into the intricate workings of the brain and sensory systems have been honed through years of dedicated study, and my passion for the subject is exemplified by a commitment to staying abreast of the latest advancements.
Now, let's delve into the concepts presented in the article "Home Eye Care" by Autumn Sprabary, reviewed by Brendan Kelley, MD.
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Daredevil's Adaptation to Blindness: The article introduces Daredevil, a fictional character whose blindness leads to heightened senses. While Daredevil's abilities are fictional, the article suggests that science has demonstrated the brain's ability to adapt to changes like blindness. This adaptation, known as neuroplasticity, involves the brain creating new pathways to compensate for the loss of a sense.
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The Brain and the Five Senses: The article outlines the brain's role in processing information from the five senses: touch, smell, sight, hearing, and taste. Each sense has its own set of sensory receptors, and the brain's lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital) play a crucial role in organizing and interpreting sensory signals.
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Effect of Losing a Sense on the Brain: When a sense is lost, such as sight, the brain can adapt through neuroplasticity. The article cites a 2020 study involving blind and sighted participants, revealing that blind individuals showed enhanced skills in locating sounds, suggesting compensatory development of auditory-spatial skills.
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Sensory Deprivation for Entertainment: The article discusses the concept of temporary sensory deprivation for enhancing other senses. "Blind dining" experiences, where individuals eat in the dark, aim to heighten the sense of taste. While it may not universally enhance taste, the experience allows people to rely on non-visual senses.
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Sensory Deprivation Tanks and Mental Health: The article introduces sensory deprivation tanks, designed to eliminate external stimuli for mental relaxation. A 2018 study mentioned in the article found that spending an hour in a sensory deprivation tank significantly reduced stress and anxiety levels in participants.
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Neuroplasticity and Adaptation: The takeaway emphasizes the concept of neuroplasticity, highlighting the brain's ability to adapt to various changes. While short-term manipulations, like wearing a blindfold, may not enhance senses immediately, gradual changes in the brain can lead to the development of sensory strengths.
In conclusion, the article provides a fascinating exploration of the brain's adaptability and the interplay between sensory experiences and neuroplasticity. The examples of Daredevil, sensory deprivation for entertainment, and the scientific studies cited collectively contribute to a nuanced understanding of the brain's capacity to adapt and compensate for sensory loss.
